• Identify the research objective or clinical question.
• Examine whether the study method is suitable.
• Review the sample, data sources and ethical information.
• Check whether the findings support the stated conclusions.
• Consider the limitations acknowledged by the authors.
• Compare the article with other relevant scientific research.
• Check for corrections, withdrawals or retraction notices.

• Cite authors and original sources accurately.
• Use quotations with appropriate acknowledgement.
• Do not present another researcher’s findings as original work.
• Do not modify medical findings in a misleading manner.
• Respect copyright, licensing and third-party rights.
• Protect confidential patient and participant information.
• Use official article records when confirming publication details.

Published articles are intended for academic, scientific and professional communication. Journal content should not be treated as a substitute for individual medical diagnosis, treatment or advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

Clinical or pharmaceutical decisions should not be based solely on a single journal article without appropriate professional evaluation.

• Read published research critically and in its complete context.
• Cite articles accurately.
• Respect copyright and applicable reuse conditions.
• Check the official publication status of an article.
• Avoid misleading interpretation of medical findings.
• Report credible factual or ethical concerns responsibly.